Transitioning to an Environmentally Sustainable Automotive Sector through the Introduction of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel

Abstract

As the effects of global warming become more apparent and environmental regulations tighten, more attention is being paid to the need to reduce emissions and improve sustainability across industrial sectors. Currently, the automotive sector is one of the primary contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and thus the reduction of emissions in this sector could prove pivotal to a greener global economy that is less reliant on fossil fuels. However, a wholesale transition to non-hydrocarbon fuels is not yet feasible and thus measures must be taken in the meantime to reduce harmful emissions. This work demonstrates that using hydrogen as an additive fuel with compressed natural gas (CNG) has been proven to enhance engine thermal efficiency, while reducing harmful emissions, and retaining acceptable engine power output – especially under lean conditions. However, to effectively harness the benefits of hydrogen enrichment, adaptations must be made to the vehicles and engines running with this fuel due to the changes in hydrocarbon fuel characteristics that this process promotes. Hardware modifications are proposed that include the installation of: tanks for housing CNG and hydrogen, a dynamic mixing system, flame arresting measures, and new injectors when necessary. Additionally, methods for properly tuning engine parameters like compression ratio, ignition timing, and excess air ratio are elucidated. An investigation into the non-vehicular barriers preventing the adoption of hydrogen enriched natural gas is also performed. Concerns related to the production, storage, and distribution of hydrogen, as well as the current regulatory nature of energy markets must be alleviated to foster further adoption of this fuel. Fortunately, realistic vii solutions to these concerns exist, but will require significant coordination and effort on the part of governments and energy producers.